2019-03-19《英汉互译》课程笔记—英语和汉语的差异比较

在中国大学MOOC网上学习了上海师范大学王惠萍老师的《英汉互译》，整理的笔记。

英语和汉语的差异主要在以下 六个方面 ：

综合语与分析语的区别在于综合语将多重概念综合在单个单词里，而分析语则将不同的概念分散在不同的单词里。

英语的特点是频繁且系统地使用曲折变化（词形变化）表达语法概念，因此英语有丰富的时态、语态、数和格的变化。

中文是分析语，即通过虚词及词序，而非通过曲折变化，来传递句中词语之间的关系。

e.g. The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.该高空飞机过去是、现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。

形合指句子语法结构是由在功能上类似但不相等的成分组成，即有些句子成分比其他成分更为重要。意合多短句和简单句，多使用并列连词而非从属连词。

英语为形合语言，汉语为意合语言。前者像盘枝错节的树枝，而后者则像节节攀高的竹子。

e.g. The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.男孩哭得很伤心。我问他怎么啦，他说他太饿了，已经两天没吃东西了。

e.g.人有脸，树有皮。The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.?

英语 偏向于 静态 ，使用更多的名词，形容词，介词，副词等等。 汉语 偏向于 动态 ，使用更多的动词

e.g.油漆未干！ ?Wet paint!

e.g.一看见他，我就紧张 The very sight of him makes me nervous.

.e.g. Both the Americans and the Russians are?anxious?to avoid conflict in SouthAsia.美国人和俄罗斯人都迫切希望避免在南亚发生冲突。

In English, there are quite a few nouns which indicate actions, such as “glance”,“glimpse”, “look”, “mention”, etc.; and adjectives such as “able”, “afraid”,“angry”, “anxious”, “aware”, “capable”, “good”, etc.

English tends to employ non-animate subjects whereas Chinese tends to use human beings as the subject of a sentence.(英语多使用物称，汉语多使用人称充当主语）

e g. An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到一个好主意。

e.g. A great elation overcame him.他欣喜若狂。

e.g.他进门时带进一缕雪茄烟雾。A wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in.

e.g.翠翠在风日里长养着，故把皮肤变得黑黑的，触目为青山绿水，故眸子清明如水晶。（《边城》，沈从文）Wind and sun have tanned the growing girl’s skin, her eyes resting on green hillsare as clear as crystal.Border Town, translated by Gladys Yang）

英语中多使用被动，而汉语更多使用主动。

Your suggestion has been duly noted.你的建议已经得到及时关注。

e.g. It is universally acknowledged that a single man of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(Pride and Prejudice)凡是有钱的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。（《傲慢与偏见》）

(英语重形合以及英语各种替代词与关系词的广泛运用,导致英语较多出现 “多枝共干”式长句,复合句。而汉语正好相反，多用短句，简单句。

e.g. *As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it. (The Vicar of Wakefield)*①我们就住在路边，过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。②这种酒很有名气，我敢说,尝过的人,从没有挑剔过。③我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。（《威克菲尔德牧师传》）

大学英语精读第一册第2课内容及笔记

　导语：航行是指船由水路从一处至另一处，下面我分享一篇有关航行的英语课文，欢迎学习!

　Unit Two: Sailing Round the World

TEXT

　At sixty-five Francis Chichester set out to sail single-handed round the world. This is the story of that adventure.

　Sailing Round the World

　Before he sailed round the world single-handed, Francis Chichester had already surprised his friends several times. He had tried to fly round the world but failed. That was in 1931.

　The years passed. He gave up flying and began sailing. He enjoyed it greatly. Chichester was already 58 years old when he won the first solo transatlantic sailing race. His old dream of going round the world came back, but this time he would sail. His friends and doctors did not think he could do it, as he had lung cancer. But Chichester was determined to carry out his plan. In August, 1963, at the age of nearly sixty-five, an age when many men retire, he began the greatest voyage of his life. Soon, he was away in this new 16-metre boat, Gipsy Moth.

　Chichester followed the route of the great nineteenth century clipper ships. But the clippers had had plenty of crew. Chicheater did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales. Chichester covered 14, 100 miles before stopping in Sydney, Australia. This was more than twice the distance anyone had previously sailed alone.

　He arrived in Australia on 12 December, just 107 days out from England. He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him. On shore, Chichester could not walk without help. Everybody said the same thing: he had done enough; he must not go any further. But he did not listen.

　After resting in Sydney for a few weeks, Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends' attempts to dissuade him. The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, during which he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn.

　On 29 January he left Australia. The mext night, the blackest he had ever known, the sea became so rough that the boat almost turned over. Food, clothes, and broken glass were all mixed together. Fortunately, bed and went to sleep. When he woke up, the sea had become calm the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, Wild be on an island 885 miles away.

　After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the followiing radio message to London:" I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare. Wild horses could not drag me down to Cape Horn and that sinister Southern Ocean again."

　Juat before 9 o'clock on Sunday evening 28 May, 1967, he aeeived back in England, where a quarter of a million people were waiting to welcome him. Queeh Elizabeth II knigthed him with the very sword that Queen Elizabeth I had sailed round the world for the first time. The whole voyage from England and back had covered 28, 500 miles. It had taken him nine months , of which the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish.

　Like many other adventurers, Chichester had experienced fear and conquered it. In doing so, he had undoubtedly learnt something about himself. Moreover, in the modern age when human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.

NEW WORDS

　single-handed

　a & ad. (done) by one person alone 单独的`(地)

　adventure

　n. 冒险(活动)

　solo

　a. single-handed 单独的

　transatlantic

　a. crossing the Atlantic Ocean 横度大西洋

　lung

　n. part of the body with which one breathes 肺

　cancer

　n. 癌

　determined

　a. with one's mind firmly made up 下定了决心的

　determine

　v.

　determination

　n.

　retire

　vi. stop working at one's job(because of age) 退休

　voyage

　n. sea journey 航海;航行

　route

　n. way from one place to another 路线

　clipper

　n. 快速帆船

　crew

　n. group of people who work together on a ship or aeroplane 全体船员;全体乘务员

　steer

　vt. make (esp. a boat or road vehicle) go in a particular direction 为...撑舵

　device

　n. a piece of equipment　设备;装置

　steering device

　n. 操舵装置

　damage

　vt. cause harm or injury to 损坏

　ad. harm, injury 损坏

　gale

　n. very strong wind　大风

　cover

　vt. travel (a certain distance)　行过(一段距离)

　previously

　ad. before 以前

　previous

　a.

　attempt

　n. try 试图，尝试

　dissuade

　vt. prevent (sb.) from doing sth. by reasoning 劝阻

　treacherous

　a. more dangerous than it seems 暗藏危险的;奸诈的

　cape

　n. 海角

　rough

　a. (of weather or the sea) stormy; not calm (气候)有暴风雨的;(海)波涛汹涌的

　fortunately

　ad. luckily 幸运地;幸亏

　fortunate

　a.

　contact

　vt. get in touch with 联系，接触

　nearby

　ad. close by 在附近

　following

　a. next; to be mentioned immediately 接着的;下列的

　waken

　v. (cause to) wake 唤醒;醒来

　nightmare

　n. terrible dream 恶梦

　drag

　vt. pull along with great effort 拖，拉

　sinister

　a. 凶恶的，邪恶的

　knight

　n. 爵士

　vt. 封... 为爵士

　sword

　n. 剑，刀

　accomplish

　vt. finish successfully　完成

　conquer

　vt. overcome　征服

　undoubtedly

　ad. certainly　无疑地

　moreover

　ad. in addition　此外，而且

　human

　a. of or concerning people　人们

　being

　n. a living thing, esp. a person　生物;人

PHRASES & EXPRESSIOMS

　set out

　begin a course if action　着手，开始

　give up

　atop doing　放弃

　be determined to (do)

　have a strong will to (do)　决心(做)

　(all) by oneself

　(completely) alone

　in spite of

　not taking notice of; not caring about 尽管;虽然

　by far

　by a large amount or degree...得多

　turn over

　(cause to) fall over, upset　(使)翻倒，(使)倾覆

　can not help

　can not keep oneself from　禁不住

　PEOPER NAMES

　Francis Chichester

　弗朗西斯. 奇切斯特

　Gipsy Moth

　吉普赛. 莫斯

　Sydney

　悉尼(澳大利亚城市)

　Cape Horn

　合恩角(智利)

　London

　伦敦

　Elizabeth

　伊丽莎白(女子名)

　Drake

　德雷克(姓氏)

;