求一篇关于园林的英文简介

The Humble Administrator's Garden?

A number of notables, including Lu Ji (187A.D.-219A.D.), the Mayor of Yulin of the Wu State in the Three States period, Dai Yong (378 A.D.-447 A.D.), a man of noble character in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Lu Guimeng (?- about 881 A.D.), the late Tang poet, used to build their garden-houses in historical sequence on the same site of the garden.During the 4th year of the reign of Zhengde of the Ming Dynasty (1509 A.D.) the imperial inspector Wang Xianchen returned to Suzhou after retiring from public life and built his garden. He borrowed the idea from the essay by the Jin writer Pan Yue, saying,“ To cultivate my garden and sell my vegetable crop... is the policy of humble man.”Hence the name. There used to be 31 sights in the garden, including the Ruo Shu Hall and the Meng Yin Tower. With the luxuriant vegetation,meandering brooks and pools, the beauty of the Humble Administrator's Garden surpassed all others in Suzhou. In the 12th year of the reign of Jiajing (1533A.D.), the famous painter and calligrapher Wen Zhengming wrote an essay about the Wangs' Humble Administrator's Garden, painted 31 scrolls of paintings relevant to the garden, each having a poem describing a particular scene. Marked by vicissitudes, the garden has changed hands a number of times ever since its birth. In the 10th year of the reign of Xianfeng, Li Xiucheng, the Loyal Prince of the Heavenly Kingdom, made it his palace. In the 2nd yearof the reign of Tongzhi (1863 A.D.), it belonged to the Jiangsu Governor Li Hongzhang,whose office was set up within. In the 11th year of the reign of Tongzhi, it became the seat of the Banner Men's Association. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the garden was repaired,and started to open to the public on Nov.6, 1952.

Covering 51,950 sq.m., the Humble Administrator's Garden is the largest of all classical gardens in Suzhou. It is centered upon the broad expanse of a lake, making up about one fifth of the total area.With well-spaced buildings, the garden landscape and waterscape are simple, extensive and natural, possessing the traditional appearances of the Ming Dynasty. It is divided into three parts: the eastern, middle and western parts. The house lies in the south of the garden.

The middle part is the cream of the garden with marvellous mountains, clearwater, exquisite buildings and exuberant trees and flowers reminiscent of the scenery in the south of the Lower Yangtze. Lying here and there to the south of the lake are garden buildings and courts in clusters. On an east-west axis there's the Hall of Drifting Fragrance in the middle, flanked by the Loquat Garden Court, the Malus Micromalus Makina Court, the Poeny Pavilion, the Listening to the Sound of Rain Pavilion, the Small Canglang, “ A Pure Mind Thinks Deep ”, and the Magnolia Hall.Rising from the lake are the East and West Hills made from a mixture of earth and rocks, and covered with trees. The Prunus Mume Pavilion and the Orange Pavilion stand atop of the hills. By the side of the lake there are forsythias gently stroking the surface of water, and bringing about delightful effects of nature. Much of the surprise comes from the disposition of the Fragrant Isle, the Pavilion in Lotus Breezes and the Mountain-in-View Tower to the west of the lake. From the Secluded Pavilion of Firmiana Simplex and Bamboo one is able to catch sight of the Pagoda of Paying Debts of Gratitude in distance. The picturesque scene of the pagoda mirrored in water is an example of the garden technique called“borrowed viewfrom afar ”.?

The buildings in the western part of the garden are properly arranged by the lake. To the south of the lake is a big mandarin ducks' hall with two halves. The northern half is named “ the Hall of 36 Pairs of Mandarin Ducks” and the southern half “the Hall of 18 Camellias”.Built to the west of the lake are the Inducalamus Pavilion,the “With Whom Shall I Sit?” Pavilion, the Floating Green Tower

, the Stay-and-Listen Pavilion and the Pagoda Reflection Pavilion. Going up and down and in a zigzag, a unique veranda over the water is a structure built along the wall to the east of the lake. The Good-For-Both-Families Pavilion and the Reflection Tower face each other from the ends of the veranda with nearby scenes reflected in water, creating perhaps a most wonderful view in the western part. The Good-For-Both-Families Pavilion on the top of the hill overlooks the middle and western parts, another example of the garden technique called “borrowed view from near”.?

Decorated with the Cymbidium Virens Hall, the Lotus Pavilion, the Celestial Spring Pavilion, the Far Away Looking Pavilion and the All Blue Pavilion, the eastern part of the garden has verdant hills with pines and bamboo, distant islands encircled by winding streams, and an extensive area of grass, flowers and trees. Glowing out of the mud, lotus blooms still keep themselves pure and clean. The farther their smell drifts the purer it becomes. A good number of buildings in the garden are named after lotus blooms, often known as “a true person of virtue” among flowers, such as the Hall of Drifting Fragrance, the Lotus Pavilion,the Pavilion in the Lotus Breezes, and the Stay-and-ListenPavilion, expressing the theme of the whole garden --- to be as pure as lotus blooms.?

Lying to the south of the garden is the house, which is the typical residence in Suzhou. On a north-south axis there are four successive buildings, namely the Sedan-Chair Hall, the Reception Hall and two two-storeyed buildings. To the east of the axis are the Mandarin Ducks' Hall with flower-basket decoration, the Flower Hall and the Four-Sided Viewing Hall.?

The Humble Administrator's Garden boasts altogether 48 different buildings,101 parallel couplets and door plateaux, 40 stelae, 21 precious old trees, namely Wistaria, Sabina chinensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, etc. falling into 13 different catalogues, and over 700 bonsai (potted landscape) kept in the Bonsai Garden in the western part of the garden ,representing the Suzhou style bonsai, one of the four leading bonsai styles in China.

论文摘要翻译英语翻译。园林专业的！多谢~

专业核心课程：园林树木学、园林花卉学、园林植物栽培养护学、园林苗圃学、园林植物遗传育种学、城市绿地系统规划、园林设计、园林建筑设计、园林工程、园林管理等。

主要实践环节：园林专业综合性、设计性实验、实习课程数量较多，主要表现为园林树木学、园林花卉学、园林苗圃学、园林植物栽培养护学、园林植物遗传育种学等课程实验实习；园林设计、园林建筑、园林工程、园林综合Studio等课程设计；南方综合实习；毕业实习及毕业论文（设计）等。

园林专业主要培养从事园林植物繁育、养护管理与应用，城乡各类园林绿地的规划与设计，园林施工组织与管理等方面的高级复合型科学技术人才。

毕业生应获得以下几方面的知识和能力：

1．具备扎实的数学、物理、化学等基本理论知识；

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5．了解国内外园林学科的理论前沿、应用前景及发展动态；

6．熟悉我国国土绿化、风景名胜区及森林公园建设、环境保护、森林资源及国土资源管理保护的方针、政策和法规。

Abstract: garden sketch refers to the gardens volume small, function is simple, modelling is chic, full of appeal, the site appropriate exquisite structures. For example a door or window frame connect the beautiful window, a group of exquisite partition, a novel exhibition brand, and a lighted lamp, and a clever garden to conceive distinctive sculpture of a chair, the lakeside Hastings step, these essays are usually has a simple and practical function, and ornamental modelling artistic characteristics. Because of its small size, not normally have available for visitors inside the internal space. They have technical requirements, but also contains plastic arts and space combination of aesthetic requirements. Therefore, in the garden in its modelling take meaning all needs to after some artistic processing, the careful ponder and can and garden integral environment compatible. This article through to garden sketch the concept and the function of introduction, this paper discusses the design of garden sketch in environment disabled scene, view and admire, rendering effects, and given a garden sketch in gardens have this irreplaceable value in the modern society, according to the development and the development trend, and in the light of the garden sketch design should pay attention to the design, technique of the problems, and proposes the corresponding personal opinions.

Keywords: garden sketch, Value; Development trend